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hardiness (psychological), alternatively referred to as psychological hardiness, personality hardiness, or cognitive hardiness in the literature, is a personality style first introduced by suzanne c. kobasa in 1979. [1] kobasa described a pattern of personality characteristics that distinguished managers and executives who problems remained healthy during the life stress, as compared to those who developed health problems. in the following years, the concept of hardiness was further elaborated in a book [2] and a series of research reports by salvatore maddi, kobasa and their graduate students at the university of chicago.
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